5.6 Modelled O3, SO2, NO2 and CO capture/removal by vegetation

Vegetation can remove air pollutants (particles and gases) by the process of dry deposition. Deposition is the transport from a point in the air to a plant surface, which is mainly related to near-surface pollutant concentration, weather conditions and vegetation properties. Most plants have a large surface area per unit volume, increasing the probability of deposition compared with the smooth, manufactured surfaces present in urban areas. For example, 10-30 times faster deposition has been reported for sub-micrometre (<μm) particles on synthetic grass compared with glass and cement surfaces (Air Quality Expert Group [AQEG], 2013; Roupsard, Amielh, Maro, Coppalle, & Branger, 2013). To estimate the magnitude of this contribution models are commonly used.

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====== **Scale as linked to D2.2 framework** ======

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* City

* Neighborhood

* Street

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====== **Data source [ link to data framework]** ======

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* See calculation methods

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====== **Data needs** ======

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* See calculation methods

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====== **Expected Outputs** ======

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* Qualitative and quantitative

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====== **Calculation methods** ======

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* The chemical transport model WRF-Chem (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [NOAA], n.d.) has a dry deposition model that can estimate the amount of pollutants removed by vegetation (O3, NOX, VOC, PM10 and PM2.5) with an hourly resolution per grid cell. As input data WRF-Chem requires:

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** i) high resolution inventory of anthropogenic emissions;

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** ii) biogenic emissions (MEGAN model; Guenther et al., 2006);

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** iii) initial and boundary conditions (MOZART model; Emmons et al., 2010); and,

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** v) topography and land use (United States Geological Survey [USGS] 33 classes database; Pineda et al., 2004).

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* These results can be used to calculate the annual amount of pollutants removed by vegetation at the grid, neighbourhood or city scale.

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* The i-Tree Eco model (USDA Forest Service, 2019) can also be applied to estimate the air pollutants removed by vegetation. Although it does not provide spatial variability, it can calculate hourly amounts of pollutants removed by urban forests, as well as the associated percentage of air quality improvement throughout a year. Pollution removal is calculated for ozone (O3), sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM2.5). To apply the i-Tree Eco model, the following data is required:

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** i) extent of vegetation cover and characteristics (e.g., type, age and height);

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** ii) land use;

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** iii) air quality; and,

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** iv) meteorology.

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* Results can be used to calculate the annual amount of pollutants removed by vegetation at the local scale

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====== **Links and references** ======

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* Air Quality Expert Group [AQEG]. (2018). Impacts of Vegetation on Urban Air Pollution. Prepared for Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Scottish Government, Welsh Government, and Department of the Environment in Northern Ireland. Carlisle, UK: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Retrieved from https:~/~/uk air.defra.gov.uk/assets/documents/reports/cat09/180725130 6_180509_Effects_of_vegetation_on_urban_air_pollution_v1 2_final.pdf.

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* Emmons, L.K., Walters, S., Hess, P.G., Lamarque, J.-F-, Pfister, G.G., Fillmore, D. … Kloster, S. (2010). Description and evaluation of the Model for Ozone and Related chemical Tracers, version 4 (MOZART-4). Geoscientific Model Development, 3, 43-67.

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* Guenther, A., Karl, T., Harley, P., Wiedinmyer, C., Palmer, P.I., & Geron, C. (2006). Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 6(11), 3181–3210.

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* United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service. (2019). i-Tree Eco Manual. Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service. Retrieved from https:~/~/www.itreetools.org/resources/manuals/Ecov6_Manual sGuides/Ecov6_UsersManual.pdf

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* National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). (n.d.). Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled to Chemistry (WRF-Chem). Retrieved from https:~/~/ruc.noaa.gov/wrf/wrf-chem/

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* Pineda, N., Jorba, O., Jorge, J., & Baldasano, J.M. (2004). Using NOAA AVHRR and SPOT VGT data to estimate surface parameters: application to a mesoscale meteorological model. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 25(1), 129– 143.

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* Roupsard, P., Amielh, M., Maro, D., Coppalle, A., & Branger, H. (2013). Measurement in a wind tunnel of dry deposition velocities of submicron aerosol with associated turbulence onto rough and smooth urban surfaces. Journal of Aerosol Science, 55, 12-24.

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