Changes for page 1.1.2 GHG - Avoided Greenhouse Gas Emissions

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1		-5\. Metrics and KPIs.Metric and Key Performance Indicators.WebHome
	1	+Metric and Key Performance Indicators.WebHome

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12	12	Climate change causes a number of environmental mechanisms that affect both the endpoint human health and ecosystem health. Climate change models are in general developed to assess the future environmental impact of different policy scenarios. Greenhouse gases emission indicators encompass a variety of measurements on the emission and concentration of Greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are those gaseous constituents of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of thermal infrared radiation emitted by the Earth‘s surface, the atmosphere itself, and by clouds. This property causes the greenhouse effect. This indicator measures the emissions of the six main GHGs which have a direct impact on climate change.
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14		-This indicator aim to quantify the amount of greenhouse gases (GHG) avoided as a result of implementation of NBS. GHG emissions through NBS can be avoided through reduced consumption of heating and cooling energy demands at building scale for instance. The extend of GHG emissions is one of the most widely used life cycle impact assessment indicators and the amount avoided is usually employed during scenario comparisons.
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16		-CO2-equivalent emission is the amount of CO2 emission that would cause the same time-integrated radiative forcing, over a given time horizon, as an emitted amount of a long-lived GHG or a mixture of GHGs.
	14	+This indicator aim to quantify the amount of greenhouse gases (GHG) avoided as a result of implementation of NBS. GHG emissions through NBS can be avoided through reduced consumption of heating and cooling energy demands at building scale for instance. The extend of GHG emissions is one of the most widely used life cycle impact assessment indicators and the amount avoided is usually employed during scenario comparisons
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19		-====== **Scale as linked to D2.2 framework** ======
	17	+===== **Scale as linked to D2.2 framework** =====
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21	21	* National
22	22	* City
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36	36	* Data on global, regional and national fossil fuel CO2 emissions from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center at Oak Ridge National Laboratory
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39		-====== **Data Needs** ======
	37	+===== **Needs** =====
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43		-* The equivalent CO2 emission is obtained by multiplying the emission of a GHG by its Global Warming Potential (GWP) for the given time horizon. For a mix of GHGs, it is obtained by combining the equivalent CO2 emissions of each gas.
44		-* Equivalent CO2 emission is a standard and useful metric for comparing emissions of different GHGs but does not imply the same climate change responses.
	39	+* CO2-equivalent emission is the amount of CO2 emission that would cause the same time-integrated radiative forcing, over a given time horizon, as an emitted amount of a long-lived GHG or a mixture of GHGs. The equivalent CO2 emission is obtained by multiplying the emission of a GHG by its Global Warming Potential (GWP) for the given time horizon. For a mix of GHGs, it is obtained by combining the equivalent CO2 emissions of each gas. Equivalent CO2 emission is a standard and useful metric for comparing emissions of different GHGs but does not imply the same climate change responses.
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47	47	====== **Expected Outputs** ======
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59	59	====== **Links and references** ======
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61		-* Goedkoop, M., Heijungs, R., Huijbergts, M., Schryver, A.D., Struijs, J., van Zelm, R., 2009. ReCiPe 2008 A life cycle impact assessment method which comprises harmonised category indicators at the midpoint and the endpoint level First edition Report I: Characterisation. URL: https:~/~/www.leidenuniv.nl/cml/ssp/publications/recipe_char acterisation.pdf Date of access: November 2017.
62		-* Gerdes, H., Bassi, S., Portale, E., Mazza, L., Srebotnjak, T., Porch, L., 2011. In Stream, D2.2 Final Report: Evaluation of Indicators for EU Policy Objectives. URL: https:~/~/www.ecologic.eu/sites/files/publication/2016/1901- final-report-d2-2-evaluation-of-indicators-for-eu-policy objectives.pdf Date of access: November 2017.
	56	+* Levasseur, A., Cavalett, O., Fuglestvedt, J.S., Gasser, T., Johanssonf, D.J.A, Jørgenseng, S.V., Raugei, M., Reisinger, A., Schivley, G., Strømman, A., Tanaka, K., Cherubini, F., 2016. Enhancing life cycle impact assessment from climate science: Review of recent findings and recommendations for application to LCA. Ecological Indicators, 71, 163 – 174
	57	+* Devkota, J., Schlachter, H., Anand, C., Phillips, R., Apul, D., 2013. Development and application of EEAST: A life cycle based model for use of harvested rainwater and composting toilets in buildings. Journal of Environmental Management, 130, 397 – 404.
	58	+* Hohne, N., Harnisch, J., (Ed. VanHam, J., Baede, A.P.M., Guicherit, R., Williams Jacobse, J.G.F.), 2002. Evaluating indicators for the relative responsibility for climate change - alternatives to the Brazilian proposal and global warming potentials in Non-C02 Greenhouse Gases: Scientific Understanding, Control Options and Policy Aspects, 371 – 376.
	59	+* Carabaño, R., Bedoya, C., Ruiz, D. (2014). Análisis de ciclo de vida de una nueva solución arquitectónica que mejora el rendimiento térmico de la envolvente del edificio: Fachada Natural Aljibe. Informes de la Construcción, 66(535): e034
	60	+* Pan, L., Chu, L.M., 2016. Energy saving potential and life cycle environmental impacts of a vertical greenery system in Hong Kong: A case study. Building and Environment, 96, 293 - 300
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