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Version 1.1 by Emily West on 2022/01/05 16:54
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1 = EAQLVlocal – AIR QUALITY LIMIT – LOCAL =
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5 |=(% style="width: 79px;" %)Topic|=(% style="width: 139px;" %)Urban challenges|=(% style="width: 666px;" %)Sub-challenges
6 |(% style="width:79px" %)Environment|(% style="width:139px" %)2 - Air Quality|(% style="width:666px" %)2.2 Air Quality at Local Scale
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10 ====== **Description** ======
11 )))|(% style="width:730px" %)This indicator shows the fraction of a given area (local) that is potentially exposed to ambient air concentrations of certain pollutants (PM2.5 , PM10 , O3 , NO2 , SO2 and BaP) that are in excess of the EU limit or target values (EU, 2004, 2008) set for the protection of human health. This indicator is an adaptation at city scale of the indicator CSI 004 of the European Environment Agency : Exceedance of air quality limit values in urban areas.
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13 ===== **Scale as linked to D2.2 framework** =====
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15 * Neighborhood
16 * Street
17 * Household
18 * Object
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21 ====== **Data source [ link to data framework]** ======
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23 For main cities throughout Europe useful data can be found in the following sources:
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25 * Information on cities is obtained from the **Urban Audit (UA) data (**Eurostat, 2014c). UA data collection, maintained by Eurostat, provides information and comparable measurements on the different aspects of the quality of urban life in selected European cities. The urban population considered is the total number of people represented by any of the urban monitoring stations. https:~/~/www.eea.europa.eu/data-and maps/data/external/gisco-urban-audit-2004
26 * **City population:** https:~/~/www.eea.europa.eu/data-and maps/data/external/city-population ● Air quality measurements can be obtained from:
27 ** Air Quality e-Reporting (AQ e-Reporting), provided by European Commission: https:~/~/www.eea.europa.eu/data-and maps/data/aqereporting-2
28 ** AirBase – TheEuropean air quality database, provided by the European Environment Agency: https:~/~/www.eea.europa.eu/data-and maps/data/aqereporting-2#tab-data-by-country
29 * National data on the population living closer than 100 metres from major roads have been taken from: ENTEC, 2006. Development of a methodology to assess population exposed to high levels of noise and air pollution close to major transport infrastructure , Final Report April 2006, Entec UK Limited
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32 ====== **Needs** ======
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34 * Area population
35 * Share of population living closer than 100 meters from major roads
36 * The following data are needed from at least one “urban traffic” station (i.e. located closer than 100 meters from a major road) and one “urban background” station (i.e. located farer than 100 meters from a major road):
37 ** Daily PM2.5 concentration
38 ** Daily PM10 concentration
39 ** Hourly 03 concentration
40 ** Daily NO2 concentration
41 ** Daily SO2 concentration
42 ** Daily BaP concentration
43 * In case of several stations of the same type the location of the different stations as well as the spatial distribution of the population can be used to derive allocation rules in terms of population exposure.
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46 ====== **Expected Outputs** ======
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48 * Yearly
49 * Units:
50 ** Micrograms (mg) of pollutant per cubic meter for PM2.5, PM10, O3, NO2 and SO2.
51 ** Nanograms (ng) of pollutant per cubic metre for BaP.
52 * outputs:
53 ** Percentage of the area population exposed to annual PM2.5 concentrations above 25 µg/m3.
54 ** Percentage of the area population exposed to daily PM10 concentrations exceeding 50 µg/m3 for more than 35 days a year.
55 ** Percentage of the area population exposed to maximum daily 8-hour mean O3 concentrations exceeding 120 µg/m3 or more than 25 days a year.
56 ** Percentage of the area population exposed to annual NO2 concentrations above 40 µg/m3
57 ** Percentage of the area population exposed to annual BaP concentration above 1.0 ng/m3
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60 ====== **Calculation methods** ======
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62 __**Population exposure: **__Two types of monitoring stations are considered, classified as 'urban traffic', and 'urban background'. The “urban traffic” stations represent the environmental conditions of places located closer than 100 meters from major roads. The “urban background” stations represent the average environmental conditions in the city. The percentage of the city population living closer than 100 meters from major roads is used to allocate exposure of the city population to the two types of environmental conditions. In case there are several stations of the same type an allocation rule has to be established to allocate the population to the different stations of the same type. This indicator is usually used at city scale where averaging effects come to play. These averaging effects won’t be effective ate a smaller scale. Thus the allocation of populations to the different monitoring stations becomes a key issue. A proper methodology with this regard has to be developed; number of monitoring stations, locations of the monitoring stations, allocation of population to the different station, …
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64 __**EU limit and target values:**__
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66 __**Particulate matter (PM2.5):** __The annual mean concentration is calculated for each of the selected stations. Depending on the mean concentration, each station (and its allocated population) is then classified uniquely in one of the two concentration classes (below or equal to the target value (25 µg/m3), or above it). The percentage of the urban population allocated to these two concentration classes is calculated by dividing the population represented by the stations assigned to each concentration class by the sum of the population assigned to each station.
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68 __**Particulate matter (PM10):**__ For each selected station, the 90.4 percentile (P90.4) of the daily mean concentration series is calculated. P90.4 represents, in a complete series of 365 elements, the 36th highest value. When P90.4 is below or equal to 50 µg/m3, it indicates that the daily limit value (DLV) would not have been exceeded on more than 35 days. Depending on the value of P90.4, each station (and its allocated population) is then classified uniquely in one of the two concentration classes (P90.4 > 50 µg/m3, i.e. above the DLV and P90.4 ≤ 50 µg/m3, i.e. below the DLV). The percentage of the urban population allocated to these two concentration classes is calculated by dividing the population represented by the stations assigned to each individual concentration class by the sum of the population assigned to each station.
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70 __**Ozone (O3):**__ For each selected station, the 93.2 percentile (P93.2) of the daily maximum 8-hourly mean concentration series is calculated. P93.2 represents, in a complete series of 365 elements, the 26th highest value. When P93.2 is below or equal to 120 µg/m3, it indicates that the long term objective would have not been exceeded on more than 25 days. Depending on the value of P93.2, each station (and its allocated population) is then classified uniquely in one of the two concentration classes (P93.2 > 120 µg/m3, i.e. exceedance of the long term objective on more than 25 days, and P93.2 ≤ 120 µg/m3, i.e. exceedance of the long term objective is less than or equal to 25 days). The percentage of the urban population allocated to these two concentration classes is calculated by dividing the population represented by the stations assigned to each individual concentration class by the sum of the population assigned to each station.
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72 **__Nitrogen dioxide (NO2):__** The annual mean concentration is calculated for each of the selected stations. Depending on the annual mean concentration, each station (and its allocated population) is then classified uniquely in one of the two concentration classes (below or equal to the limit value (40 µg/m3), or above the limit value). The percentage of the urban population allocated to these two concentration classes is calculated by dividing the population represented by the stations assigned to each concentration class by the sum of the population assigned to each station.
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74 __**Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP): **__The annual mean concentration is calculated for each of the selected stations. Depending on the mean concentration, each station (and its allocated population) is then classified uniquely in one of the two concentration classes (below or equal to the target value (1.0 ng/m3), or above the target value). The percentage of the urban population allocated to these two concentration classes is calculated by dividing the population represented by the stations assigned to each concentration class by the sum of the population assigned to each station.
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76 __**Sulfur dioxide (SO2): **__For each selected station, the 99.2 percentile (P99.2) of the daily mean concentration series is calculated. P99.2 represents, in a complete series of 365 elements, the 4th highest value. When P99.2 is below or equal to 125 µg/m3, it indicates that the daily limit value would have not been exceeded on more than three days. Depending on the value of P99.2, each station (and its allocated population) is then classified uniquely in one of these two concentration classes (P99.2 > 125 µg/m3, i.e. above the daily limit value and P99.2 ≤ 125 µg/m3, i.e. below the daily limit value). The percentage of the urban population allocated to these two concentration classes is calculated by dividing the population represented by the stations assigned to each individual concentration class by the sum of the population assigned to each station
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78 __**Data quality:**__ For PM10, PM2.5, O3, NO2 and SO2, only stations with at least 75 % of valid data per calendar year are used. That is, in the case of daily values, those having more than 274 valid daily values per calendar year (or 275 days in a leap year). And in the case of hourly values, having more than 6 570 valid hourly values per calendar year (or 6 588 hours in a leap year). For BaP, the minimum data time coverage accepted is 14 % (51 days), according to the data quality objectives related to indicative measurements in the Directive 2004/107/EU (EU, 2004).
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81 ====== **Links and references** ======
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83 * European Environment Agency – Exceedance of air quality limit values in urban areas, indicator CSI 004 : https:~/~/www.eea.europa.eu/data-and maps/indicators/exceedance-of-air-quality-limit-3
84 * European Environment Agency – Exceedance of air quality limit values in urban areas, indicator CSI 004 : https:~/~/www.eea.europa.eu/data-and maps/indicators/exceedance-of-air-quality-limit-3/assessment-2
85 * EU, 2004 : Directive 2004/107/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 2004 relating to arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air. http:~/~/eur-lex.europa.eu/legal content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32004L0107
86 * EU, 2008 : Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe. http:~/~/eur-lex.europa.eu/legal content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32008L005
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